This is the most comprehensive treatment of local government finance in any state that I have ever seen. This guide will prove useful to elected and appointed local government officials, business leaders, reporters, students, faculty, and others who are struggling to understand the highly complex world of local government finance in California.
~ Chris McKenzie
Executive Director
League of California Cities
Financing California Cities - Overviews and Primers
Proposition 13: Some Unintended Consequences . Jeffrey I.
Chapman, Public Policy Institute of California 1998. Proposition 13
had three unanticipated consequences: 1) the fiscalization of land
use, 2) the growth of arcane finance techniques, and 3) the increase
of state control over local government finance. (PDF)
Patterns in
California Government Revenues Since Proposition 13. Michael A.
Shires, Public Policy Institute of California 1999. This report
examines the changes that have occurred in state and local public
finance between the passage of Proposition 13 in 1978 and 1995,
addressing three questions: 1) How has the share of locally
controlled revenues changed? 2) How has the spending flexibility of
state and local revenues changed? 3) How has the composition of
state and local revenues changed?
Has
Proposition 13 Delivered? The Changing Tax Burden in California . Michael A. Shires, John Ellwood, and Mary Sprague, Public Policy
Institute of California 1998. One question that has arisen in the
debate over public finances is whether Proposition 13 has succeeded
in reducing the tax burden of Californians. This report shows that
it has.
Proposition 13: A Look Back. KPBS San Diego's Feb 2010 well
done review of Proposition 13 and its legacy. [Video]
Proposition 218 Implementation Guide. A thorough on-line guide to California Constitution Articles XIIIC
and XIIID by the League of California Cities Proposition 218 Legal
Issues Committee.
Proposition 26
Implementation Guide. April 2011. A more in depth
examination of Proposition 26 prepared by the League of California
Cities Proposition 26 Implementation Guide Committee.
Proposition 1A Protection of Local Government Revenues
In November 2004, the voters of California approved Proposition 1A,
an amendment to the California state constitution intended to
restore predictability and stability to local government budgets.
Proposition 1A Suspension - State Property Tax Loan 2009-10. See here.
Note: Proposition 1A does not contain the provisions of the
"VLF-for-Property-Tax-Swap of 2004" nor the ERAF III local
government contributions. These were part of the State Budget
Act of 2004.
California Local Government Governance and Reorganization
City Incorporations and the New Public
Finance. An outline of how changes to the VLF and property
tax in lieu of VLF effect the finances of future city
incorporations. By staff to the California State Senate Local
Government Committee (PDF)
City Annexations and the New Public Finance. An outline of how changes to the VLF and property tax in lieu of VLF
effect the finances of future annexations. By staff to the
California State Senate Local Government Committee (PDF)
Educational Revenue Augmentation Fund (ERAF): Property Tax Shifts
In 1992, facing a serious deficit position, the State of California
began shifting local property tax revenues from cities, counties and
some special districts into these funds to reduce the cost of education
to the state general fund.
ERAF facts. A concise explanation of ERAF with tables and
charts showing historic and projected ERAF losses and mitigations
for cities, counties and special districts. Aug'12 (PDF)
ERAF loss by city, county and special district.
For each city and county and for special districts grouped by
county: estimated ERAF loss, estimated ERAF loss net of mitigations
(including Proposition 172 and COPs), estimated cumulative historic
ERAF loss. PDF files:
Proposition 172 Facts. A concise
explanation of Proposition 172, the half-cent sales tax for Public
Safety adopted by voters as a partial mitigation for ERAF.
(PDF)
Frozen property tax allocations may not be the most efficient or preferred allocation now.
Inefficiencies persist due to the fragmentation of policy and finance
among too many local authorities and the decline of general purpose
government policy making authority.
SSTP California Board
of Governance representing California on the Streamlined Sales
Tax Project pursuant to SB157 (Chapter 702, 2003) including meeting
agendas and reports.
There have been more than a dozen
task forces, commissions, studies and proposals on local government
finance reform over the last decade alone. Here are some articles on the
problem, ideas, and analyses of recent proposals. It is important to note that, in 2004,
two important changes occurred in the state-local fiscal relationship:
the passage of Proposition 1A of 2004, and the swap of $4 billion of
state Vehicle License Fee backfill payments to cities and counties for
greater shares of local property tax revenues. These major changes
make obsolete some of the recommendations in pre-2004 reports.
California Commission on Tax
Policy in the New Economy. Final Report 2003. Established by SB
1933 (Vasconcellos, 2000), to review the state's revenue programs in
light of the "new economy" and to propose structural reforms.
(PDF)
AB1221 (Steinberg/Campbell)
(2003-04) "The most significant legislative proposal affecting
California city finance since the turn of the century," (- League of
California Cities) AB1221 was intended by its authors to encourage
cities and counties to “make land use decisions based on the best
interests of their communities and not simply based on what
generates the most sales tax.” Bill text and legislative committee
analyses.
Funding the Golden Years in the
Golden State: An Overview of Public Employee Post-Employment
Benefits and Recent Concerns About How to Provide and Pay for Them.
Grant Boyken. California Research Bureau. April 2007
Property Tax
The largest source of revenue for city
and county government, the complex machinations of California property
tax assessment, collection and allocation are understood by few.
California Property Tax: An Overview. A comprehensive guide
to the mechanics of California's Property Tax. California State
Board of Equalization. 2005
Chapter 4: Local Property Tax from the Revenue and Taxation
Reference Book 2003. Assembly Committee on Revenue and Taxation.
Thorough review of the history, rules, administration, collection
and allocation of California's property tax.
Significant Features of the Property Tax. An
online database of property tax information for all 50 states
prepared by the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy and the George
Washington Institute of Public Policy.
Statewide Property Tax Shares – Cities, Counties, et al . A
discussion by Michael Coleman of how (and how not) to
calculate the relative typical and statewide shares of property tax
revenues among cities, counties and other local governments.
VLF Adjustment Amounts:
FY04-05 True-Up and FY05-06 Calculations. State Controller's
Office calculations of true-up of city and county FY04-05 Property
Tax in Lieu of VLF amounts (column F) and FY05-06 Property Tax in
Lieu of VLF amounts (column K). These are the amounts that
county auditors will transfer in FY05-06. State Controller's Office.
Oct14,'05 (PDF).
Proposition 1A Suspension - State Property Tax Loan 2009-10
As a part of the FY 2009-10 budget package, the Legislature passed, and Governor Schwarzenegger signed legislation "borrowing" $1.9 billion of city, county and special district property tax collections in that year. Pursuant to Proposition 1A, the amounts must be repaid within three years (specified in subsequent legislation as by June 13, 2013) with interest (stipulated by the Director of Finance at 2%). Many agencies participated in a securization program which the legislation authorized. The provisions permitting any such a suspension of Proposition 1A in the future were deleted by the passage of Proposition 22 (2010).
The second largest source of
general purpose revenue for cities statewide and the largest for some
California cities, the sales and use tax faces a tenuous future.
The local component of the sales and use tax is distributed to cities
and counties primarily on point-of-sale.
Detailed Description of the Sales & Use Tax Rate.
California State Board of Equalization. Breakdown of the allocation
of the basic 7.5% sales and use tax rate (includes 0.25% additional voter approved rate effective 1/1/2013 ending 12/31/16. Does not include
local district transactions and use taxes.
California City
and County Sales & Use Tax Rates. California State Board of
Equalization. Schedules and tables including composite rates
by locality and a list of those jurisdictions with district tax
rates (add-on transactions and use taxes).
List of Combined Sales & Use Tax Rates for all cities and counties.
California State Board of Equalization.
Comma
Delimited Format (csv)
Excel Format
(xlsx)
Old
Excel (xls)
Proposition 172 Facts . A concise
explanation of Proposition 172, the half-cent sales tax for Public
Safety adopted by voters as a partial mitigation for ERAF. (PDF)
Local
Sales & Use Tax Allocations.
Back through FY2007-08 updated monthly. Payments from the 1% local
sales tax, the 1/4% countywide transportation sales tax, and from
local sales tax (transactions & use tax) add-on rates. California State Board of Equalization.
Local Sales & Use Tax Revenues (BOE).
Historic revenue distributions (1998-99 through FY2008-09) to cities
and counties from the 1% Local Bradley Burns rate, revenues per
capita, revenues as a percentage of general revenues. Compiled from
California State Board of Equalization reports. (Excel)
Local Sales & Use Tax Revenues (SCO).
Historic revenues by city from the 1% Local Bradley Burns rate, revenues per
capita, summary statistics as reported by local agencies to the
State Controller. Through FY08-09. May'11
(Excel)
California City
and County Sales & Use Tax Rates. California State Board of
Equalization. Schedules and tables including composite rates
by locality and a list of those jurisdictions with district tax
rates (add-on transactions and use taxes).
Local
Sales & Use Tax Allocations.
Back through FY2007-08 updated monthly. Payments from the 1% local
sales tax, the 1/4% countywide transportation sales tax, and from
local sales tax (transactions & use tax) add-on rates. California State Board of Equalization.
Estimated Sales and Use Tax Compensation Fund Allocations. State
Department of Finance estimated sales and use tax compensation fund amounts (triple flip compensation) for cities
and counties including prio year settle-up amounts.
Via HdL Companies.
Flips, Swaps & Settle-Ups: The New
In-Lieu Property Taxes. Presentation by Michael Coleman and
Vallejo Asst Finance Director Susan Mayer from the Dec 2, 2005
League of California Cities Financial Management Seminar in
Monterey, CA (PDF)
Triple
Flip Conference Call. Audio recording of the 10/4/2005
CSMFO conference call on the Sales and Use Tax Triple Flip.
SSTP California Board
of Governance representing California on the Streamlined Sales
Tax Project pursuant to SB157 (Chapter 702, 2003) including meeting
agendas and reports.
Utility User Tax Facts. Key facts
about Utility User Taxes in California. Sept'08 (PDF)
Updated Sept'08
Utility User Tax by city through
FY08-09. Current rates. Historic revenues, revenues per
capita, revenues as % of general revenues, summary statistics.
May'11 (Excel)
Franchise Revenues by city.
Historic annual revenues, summary statistics. Including solid waste,
telecommunications and other franchises. Through FY08-09.
May'11 (Excel)
Transient Occupancy Tax by city.
Current rates, revenues, per capita, and % of general
revenues and summary statistics. Through FY08-09.
May'11 (Excel)
Public Agencies and Ballot
Measure Campaigns. This article explains the impact of a
California Supreme Court decision (Vargas v. City of Salinas) on the
use of public resources for campaign purposes in ballot measure
campaigns.
Established in 1935 as a
uniform statewide tax, the VLF is a tax on the ownership of a registered
vehicle in place of taxing vehicles as personal property. By law,
all revenues from the VLF fund city and county services, but the state
legislature controls the tax rate and the allocation among local
governments. In 2004, the Legislature permanently reduced the VLF
tax rate and eliminated state general fund backfill to cities and
counties. Instead, cities and counties now receive additional
transfers of property tax revenues in lieu of VLF.
City VLF Revenues. An update on current VLF revenues with
brief history and detailed estimates of the annual loss of VLF for
each city due to SB89(2011).
Updated January 30, 2012
Proposition 172 Facts. A concise
explanation of Proposition 172, the half-cent sales tax for Public
Safety adopted by voters as a partial mitigation for ERAF.
(PDF)
Transportation Funding in California. California Dept of
Transportation, Economic Analysis Branch, Division of Transportation
Planning. Charts outlining the allocation of state and local
transportation funds in California. 2011
Transportation For Economic Development. A study of the
potential economic benefits of transportation improvements to
impoverished areas of California by Cambridge Systematics, Inc.
under a contract with the CalTrans.
Highway Users Tax allocations Detailed records of
recent payments to cities and counties of state motor vehicle fuel
tax (gasoline excise tax) under Streets and Highways Code Sections
2104-2107.5. State Controller's Office.
Highway User Tax historic city by
city revenues. City by city historical data and summary
statistics on the allocation of state motor vehicle fuel tax
(gasoline excise tax) to cities and counties under Streets and
Highways Code Sections 2104-2107.5. Through FY08-09.
July 2011 (Excel)
Estimated City-by-city allocations
of the $1B city Local Street and Road Improvement, Congestion
Relief, and Traffic Safety component. Estimates do not deduct for
state administrative charges (~0.2%).
Estimated allocations to individual counties of the $1B county
Local Street and Road Improvement, Congestion Relief, and Traffic
Safety component by the California State Assn of Counties.
Appropriations Limits by city.
Historic Gann Limits and appropriations subject to limit. Through
FY08-09. May'11 (Excel)
City Expenditures by Category:
total expenditures, salary & benefits, contracts, materials &
supplies. Percent of total expenditure comparisons and summary
statistics. Through FY08-09. June'11 (Excel)
City Service Responsibilities.
California Cities have differing funding responsibilities and
methods of providing services. Per Capita spending and
reported service method by city FY07-08. Aug'10
(Excel)
Fire Spending by City. Historic
operating, total and net spending for fire services by cities. Per
capita and percent of general revenue comparisons and summary
statistics. Through FY08-09. July'11 (Excel)
Fire Staffing by City.
Historic paid and volunteer firefighters. Total budgeted staffing and
per capita by city. Through FY08-09. Aug'11
(Excel)
Police Spending by City. Historic
operating, total and net spending for police services by cities. Per
capita and percent of general revenue comparisons and summary
statistics. Through FY08-09. July'11 (Excel)
Police Staffing by City.
Historic budgeted police officers, total police staffing, volunteers
and per capita officers by city. Through FY08-09.
Aug'11 (Excel)
Library Spending by City. Historic
operating, total and net spending for library services and programs by
cities. Per capita and percent of general revenue comparisons and
summary statistics. Through FY08-09.
Aug'11 (Excel)
Parks & Recreation Spending by City.
Historic operating, total and net spending for parks and recreation
services and programs by cities. Per capita and percent of general
revenue comparisons and summary statistics. Through FY08-09.
Aug'11 (Excel)
Streets Spending by City.
Historic operating, total and net spending for parks and recreation
services and programs by cities. Per capita and percent of general
revenue comparisons and summary statistics. Through FY08-09.
Aug'11 (Excel)
California Debt Issuance Primer.
Extensive, comprehensive guidebook on municipal debt financing in
California. On-line version is regularly updated. California Debt
and Investment Advisory Commission, Office of the State Treasurer.
March 2006. 660 pages (PDF).
The California Infrastructure
and Economic Development Bank (I-Bank). Located within the
California Business, Housing and Transportation Agency, I-Bank
finances public infrastructure and private investments that promote
economic growth, revitalize communities and enhance the quality of
life throughout California.
The California
Debt and Investment Advisory Commission (CDIAC). CDIAC
provides information, education and technical assistance on public
debt, investments, and economic development financing tools to local
public agencies and other public finance professionals.
California Statewide
Communities Development Authority (CSCDA). CSCDA is a
joint powers authority sponsored by the California State Association
of Counties and the League of California Cities to provide local
governments and private entities access to low-cost, tax-exempt
financing for projects of public benefit.
Estimated City-by-city allocations
of the $1B city Local Street and Road Improvement, Congestion
Relief, and Traffic Safety component. Estimates do not deduct for
state administrative charges (~0.2%).
Estimated allocations to individual counties of the $1B county
Local Street and Road Improvement, Congestion Relief, and Traffic
Safety component by the California State Assn of Counties.
City VLF Revenues. An update
on current VLF revenues with brief history and detailed estimates of
the annual loss of VLF for each city due to SB89(2011).
Updated January 30, 2012
California
State Budget Includes summary charts and tables on various
state and local revenues. Next-Ten. Well crafted
informational tools regarding California's Budget and
Infrastructure.
State and Local Revenue Collections and Allocations